Eureka

Poems and art by Victoria Chang

If you visit Eureka, California, you will find eerily few Chinese people. There’s no Chinatown, just a sprinkling of Chinese restaurants. There aren’t many other Asian Americans either. Even the local university, Humboldt State, lacks an Asian American or Asian student population. A few years ago, I learned that it hadn’t always been so. In the 1800s, there was even a Chinatown in Eureka. But on February 7, 1885, Eureka’s Chinatown was burned down by the white townspeople who also shipped 263 Chinese American people to San Francisco. These events were prompted by the killing of local councilman David Kendall, who was shot in crossfire near Eureka’s Chinatown. 

Once I learned about this little-known piece of American history, I began reading everything I could. I was surprised to learn that what happened to the Chinese people in Eureka also happened, in varying ways and degrees, to other Chinese people in over two hundred cities across California between 1849 and 1906, along with state-sanctioned discrimination, including measures enacted by the California legislature that did everything from requiring special licenses for Chinese business-owners to restricting the naturalization of Chinese immigrants. Finally, in 1882, the US Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, suspending immigration of Chinese laborers for a decade.

I was deeply moved, inspired, angered, and saddened by the discrimination and racism toward these immigrants. Having come across the ocean from a war-torn and poor China (mainly from Guandong province), they risked everything. They reminded me of my parents. My mother fled Northern China during the Civil War, arriving in Taiwan and then America. My father’s childhood in Taiwan was under Japanese occupation, and he also emigrated from Taiwan to America. I felt a strong connection to the immigrant stories of Eureka’s Chinese people—and the threat of violence that they faced.

I grew up in the suburbs of Detroit, Michigan, and was twelve years old when Chinese American Vincent Chin was murdered in 1982. I remember feeling a great sense of injustice when I learned about Chin and how his murderers were set free. I remember making protest signs on the living room floor with my sister. We weren’t allowed to march, but I know my parents and others were organizing and attending meetings. I’ve always felt frustrated that I wasn’t allowed to act when I was younger. When I read about the burning down of Chinatown in Eureka, I had that feeling again. 

I was compelled to write a poem about this history, but first I had to visit Eureka again (I had visited this town once in my twenties without knowing about this history). I did more research and contacted the Humboldt Asians and Pacific Islanders in Solidarity (HAPI). Vicki Ozaki and Amy Uyeki of HAPI gave me a tour of Chinatown. I was inspired by their passion and dedication to making this history known. They told me about the mural located at the site of Eureka’s original Chinatown, painted by artist David Young Kim, and I also visited the Clarke Historical Museum and went into their photo archives. During my trip, I also revisited the massive redwood trees—and began writing a long poem with 10 syllable lines that resembled a tree in shape. I eliminated punctuation because I felt the melding of my own history, the history of Eureka, the past Chinese people from Eureka, the present Asian Americans in Eureka, and the redwood trees from my youth and the present.

Over the next few years, I also worked with other archival photos. I used my hands, working with red thread and needle, stitching directly onto these photographs. At some point, I also felt as if the people within these photos were speaking to me so I wrote a small persona poem to accompany each photo. These persona poems were written using language from various articles from The Humboldt Times and other newspapers, as well as from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

I often tell my students or other writers to write toward, with, around, along, below something that calls you, something that haunts you. What happened to the Chinese people in Eureka and other cities haunted and still haunts me. I often think about prior generations and the horrors they experienced. I often think about my parents, just one generation before me, who only had a small portion of the privileges I have today. While I am grateful for their sacrifices, the life that I’m living shouldn’t be based on the suffering of people before me. Freedom, equity, and justice should be basic rights. I wanted to enter into a kind of dialogue with the Chinese people expelled from Eureka, to let them speak through my imagination.


I am borrowed,
a tax of
salt water and
sand.
A citizen of
injury.
My feet are
expelled.
They are
blackberries
buried
in the woods.


The fish, wearied
and left.
If I lie
down on my side,
Congress will think
I am
dishonest. Likely
to slender on this
land. Likely
to sediment
here.


I am a front row,
I pound the drum
with a slow
needle.
My mother told
me that
when I
was born,
my hand
was forked
like expulsion.


We hide in 
the dead
trees.
Their bloody
leaves weigh
several
hundred
pounds.


We are a 
derangement.
A premature
and horrible
death. We are
arranged,
lying down.
The fish are
standing up,
scraping
out
our narratives.


I am a hen
in a coop
of debts,
attempting to
lift the woods
on my back,
attempting to
credit
the leaves back
to the trees.


I am the last one
on the back.
A Celestial on
Wednesday
morning.
A citizen of 
willing, a
Must Go.
In my bag,
twenty-four
pigtails
fourteen deciduous
outrages.


They say I am
industrious
and frugal.
But I am a 
romantic
disturbance.
I divorce my two
baskets with
eggplant and
assimilation.


When I pull up,
a lotus blossom
in China
opens.
Some hands
are
insomnolent.
When I
push down,
I am surprised
the birds
employ me,
pay me in
clouds.


Eureka

—In 1885, Eureka Councilman, David Kendall, was shot and
killed in crossfire near Eureka’s Chinatown. Fifteen local
leaders ordered all Chinese American residents to leave
Eureka within 48 hours. In the first expulsion, ships
transported 263 Chinese American people to San Francisco.

I got up early the trees asked me to

trees relax their branches during night but

men always gather before dawn I took

a wrong turn ran into the men I drove

thirteen blocks beyond my own death I was

surprised I no longer needed my words

what if life is predicated on death

it borders our lives like a pack of wolves

there are hundreds of holes in Eureka

holes in the pavement holes in the men’s eyes

holes within light even holes in beauty

what if a poem doesn’t make a difference

what if there is no such thing as a poem

I got up early I asked the trees to

I stopped at Wendy’s to eat with the men

I wanted to see the trees while bloated

so that I wouldn’t use them for hunger

all the way down there were trees on both sides

but those trees weren’t the trees I was seeking

behind the trees there are always more trees

behind the men there are always more men

to be am is are was were being been

I will write them into all of my poems

to clarity clarity clarity

what is clarity but a broken muse

the name callers believe a poem should be X

like how the Chinese should always be Y

newspapers said the Chinese wielded guns

the Chinese not people Chinese people

the book the car the Chinese the tractor

down the 101 I thought about them

them and their voices and their eyes and skin

their darkness from Guangdong mine from Fujian

I have no ancestors from Eureka

who has the rights to imagination

who has the rights to illumination

what if history must travel through us

remembered or just appropriated

I am Chinese yet I am not Chinese

I am this kind of Chinese not that one

I passed trucks with eight dead trees on their sides

Chinese women are often unseated

Chinese people are often on our sides

it’s easier to be driven away

this time they were driven away on boats

a tree temporarily becomes hope

most of the time a tree is just a tree

Oppen said about the deer they are there

replace the deer with the Chinese people

when I approached the entrance someone spoke

I was alone it was my estrangement

a couple at the first stop staring at

the map I was once a couple here too

I stopped to see my younger coupled self

and the man I once loved more than the trees

just like me the woman followed the man

just like me she read the signs quietly

just like me she listened to the critics

it’s easy to disappear in their minds

it’s easy to empty out in the trees

I felt lightheaded as I passed my past

the Chinese men never made it this far

to cast out to throw to toss expulsion

they said a bullet hit a councilman

con-calare concilium cuncile man

stray (they say) bullet killed David Kendall

a bullet is meant to enter something

a bullet is meant to exit something

a bullet can be stopped by what it kills

no one ever cares about the entrance

is there such a thing as a stray bullet

every bullet is stray once it exits

I came early to avoid the crowds

only one green car in the parking lot

and thousands of trees stunned by their own height

I left my words in the glove compartment

even though my eyesight was worsening

even though I needed the words to see

even though the man never married me

even though the trees didn’t remember

even though the trees recorded details

even though I never gave my consent

even though the expulsions were nearby

their rings are syllables show the burnings

it couldn’t have happened without these trees

everything is relative to the earth

everything is relative to these trees

Chinese people pinned against these trees so

I am always dragging children to trees

the snow and my feminism mixed in

snowflakes and my ambition mixed in no

one wanted to see the trees but me no

one needed them but me some of us want

only to see the trees what the trees mean

other kinds of people prefer the sea

since the sea doesn’t have any insides

what if my children don’t recall the trees

what if they believe I am their mother

they must know I was never a good one

that I flung them onto this earth and burned

that their bodies didn’t come out of me

but that their bodies were burned off of me

what if one was in a wagon crying

what if the other one was on my back

there is no way to transfer memory

why say memory is passed down as if

the future is something underneath us

our memories are all accidental

our memories are all incidental

our mammograms look like lightning struck them

David Kendall died another boy shot

David Kendall died February sixth

at grave 22 Section F Row 4

1885 55-years-old

he had a beard that was fluent in trees

Prudence Marian Kendall next to him

she killed herself 17 months later

maybe memory isn’t in portrait

maybe all memory is in landscape

to do things the way a tree would do things

monotonous dropping of green garments

remembrance day for not remembering

stories have a beginning and ending

endings never care about beginnings

but a beginning cares about endings

I have just described the problem of birth

I have just described the problem of war

where is the boy and his foot besides dead

where are the two Chinese men with no names

truth is but an accident paraphrased

history can’t be dilated what if

history is meant to be forgotten

everything will turn into Sappho’s poems

because we only live so many years

my two faces next to the Founders Tree

the Chinese one and the one out of sight

the tallest until the 1950s

height 346 or 364

every measurement is erroneous

every history is spontaneous

even with knowledge of past histories

my face today more Chinese than the past

I kept on stopping to write down new thoughts

but I left my language in the car so

I put together new words with silence

Niedecker said light and silence make sound

every memory is mostly silence

I went the wrong way around the loop and

my memories were all just rehearsals

what if our memories are immortal

a thing that can exist without its root

fallen trees everywhere as if I had

walked into the middle of memory

at one point fallen trees on every side

how is powerlessness also beauty

one Chinese man arrested behind bars 

600 people gathered in the street

white people but no one ever said so

they found wood nailed it into a gallows

nails that must have sounded like expansion

every death is paratactic next to

but no one knows what it means so that

some deaths are worth less than others at what

point is a nail guilty in its stuckness

at what point does a crowd become a mob

at what point does a death no longer end

when the death can’t find its own memories

dead trunks rise with their roots splayed like language

by the highway flattened sheets of plywood

so many ways to wander off and die

what starts as beauty always becomes death

what starts as death always becomes beauty

I counted fifteen tree trunks on their sides

they were too far away from each other

so they threw their dead leaves to each other

when a leaf touched me it felt like a stone

I had somehow blocked a tree’s love letter

love letters are never in a straight line

or maybe love doesn’t really exist

because love is just moving perception

because love is a leaf thrown too softly

a Committee of men voted and won

numbers are the language of expulsions

the Chinese people had two days to leave

2,880 minutes

86,400 seconds

imagine the decadent signatures

imagine putting a life in a bag

a bag that had a hole toward moonlight

the comb the hairpin the ghost the grammar

the hole was just a hole like every hole

the idea that we could move and belong

every belonging is made of a hole

263 Chinese people

holed in a warehouse at the wharf cold foul

480 Chinese people on

two steamships to San Francisco I talked

to the stiffness of the dead trees by not

talking soon we will be absorbed into

the ground but it will feel like a soft palm

I heard even peaches had a bad year

I went inside the hollow of a tree

burnt through by fire but still with its selfhood

I could understand this burning from birth

I touched the insides of my own casket

our caskets our last and final form to

imagine a casket made of Redwood

to imagine scents as if in this trunk

imagine lying in a leaky boat

wondering if Charon were rowing it

my mother had paid for a pine casket

but then she decided to burn herself

or to have herself burned there’s no difference

the next year 56 Chinese people

filed a lawsuit against Eureka the

lawsuit was dismissed three years later of

course Chinese people couldn’t own land this

land is your land this land is your land this

letter said don’t open the new trees that

maybe land was never meant to be owned

even poppies must fear our bargaining

no one wants to own stillness or a cloud

no one wants to bid for hoarfrost or tide

I stood too long inside the burnt Redwood

the heat was my third hot flash of the day

this one had the dimensions of a tree

I stayed inside the tree and wrote a poem

since I didn’t have words I used my heat

by the time I left the trunk it was dark

in the trees I hadn’t become smaller

in fact my thinking had unwound and grown

in the forest small and large were the same

I used to be a descendent of birds

the sky and I were incompatible

history and truth incompatible

my womb and pleasure incompatible

desire doesn’t happen in the forest

a place where you do nothing and feel whole

I have wrongly looked for things that could move

I expected hope to plow into me

as I wandered in the forest time cared

so it stopped to have a conversation

time is relentless when it doesn’t care

I insisted that beauty was beauty

but time insisted that time was beauty

and I began to understand my thoughts

because I had insisted on beauty

because I had insisted on the fringe

because I had insisted on cutouts

because children were insisted on me

because my womb had insisted on me

my mind was always globed I refused it

so it floated above time ahead of

time but my mind needed to stay inside

time for some of us time is our country

for some of us sadness is a country

a mother has to share her arteries

cruel that art is a part of arteries

one child will take your whole day two your words

I don’t want to share my sadness with them

critics will hate your motherhood poems they

will hate your menopause poems they will hate

your melancholy because it cannot

be smeared as it is also racial as

if melancholy can also be wrapped

as if selling joy can save the glaciers

your own people will also hate your poems

because everyone is drowning at once

what you write is a parenthesis in

their sentence too which is folded and sold

by the time I looked up again I heard

a bird arranging itself in my mind

I wondered if this bird knew what I knew

that it lived amongst the world’s largest trees

that its song was pushed around by silence

my song was pushed around by readers and

I had gotten so used to dominance

to white opportunity on my hands

my ambition lay on the forest floor

Romantics pushed these trees on canvas but

I had no impulse to push none to touch

is it possible to touch with your eyes

to fix something by not using your hands

to be a poet without ambition

to be a poet without sacrifice

to be a poet without explaining

without white daisies without a homeland

without transaction without being seen

to make something without words but just sight

to assemble thinking without whiteness

to study the soul without a body

to have thoughts but not agree to trade them

my guides said the Chinese people scattered

when the boat landed in San Francisco

like roaches in the bathroom in Taiwan

I turned on the light when I was lonely

they scattered dressed up in their red tunics

nothing sentimental red torn bodies

in Eureka men in the street scattered

white people called Chinese people foul on

my tour I held the word in my arms I

rocked it as I had rocked my children sung

a lullaby for my dirty humming

they said the streets were filled with manure

that Chinatown was in the worst foul part

where the streets would collect water when it

rained mud made its way down their throats as we

walked on our tour I wondered what others 

thought five Asians pointed at Fourth and E

dark figures that looked like soil to be tilled

can a point of view be fungal or foul

is history the same thing as story

if story is made of language then what

if language is made of hollow then what

if language is made of money then what

if language is made of whiteness then what

when humans die language will outlive us

if we live forever we outlive hope

hope and language a herd of dead houses

I didn’t smell sewage but Redwoods when

I looked at photos in the library the

man in the corner of the photo two

baskets on a stick on his shoulders what

if punctum and studium cross and meet

I was face to face with my own face

I was face to face with my own blue

under a lamp a sign that said Tung Sing

later it said Eureka Fish Market

switched to six white men a boy three chickens

or three fowls six wings four consolations

20 violences 13 types of fish

16 supporters of Chinese people

everyone is good at saving themselves

everyone is good at stealing stories

no one is able to carry dressers

filthy things left behind such as mouths tongues

foul foul filth fouled fouling afoul defile

here I am in the forest smelling foul

we are all coefficients of the moon

does the moon have a smell does it smell foul

we are all coefficients of hatred

a truant looking for the Mahan Plaque

I looked hard for Laura and James Mahan

who bought this Redwood grove but I was lost

so lost in the logging of my own thoughts

that when they came back to me cut I sobbed

my thoughts were never foul never smelled bad

though I never cared about myths or put

Orpheus in a poem I had a faith

they expect me to write about some war

in another country without an end

notice the word write is so close to white

appropriate procreation create

but I only want to write about trees

about the dead Chinese people near trees

about my dead family near the trees

about my dead history near the trees

I missed the plaque because I was stone light

I had become afraid of the green clasps

I had no man to protect me just trees

I knew the trees weren’t the real enemy

for some of us walking alone is joy

for some of us walking alone is death

for some of us history is Sunday

and Monday because it is our faces

for some of us writing is suicide

but not writing is also suicide

a philosopher asks what if you knew…

the world would end shortly after your death

if you knew that now would you wash the pear

what would you write or would you write at all

what would you do with your wrong splinted face

what if I held a stick and two baskets

what if I am always holding a stick

what if my two baskets are filled with gaze

someone wrote Chinese left on the photo

as in they decided to move away

not that they were left of everyone else

I counted 20 on another barge

1906 the second expulsion

Jesse A. Meiser the photographer

I found a photo of him online he

had kind eyes a large moustache and a hat

how to keep my sadness from catching fire

because my love is always redundant

I wanted to give it to Jesse too

I had enough sadness to go around

it’s never clear which cloud to blame for grief

all the clouds rearranging their syntax

what if clouds in the photo are these same

clouds the same man with a long braid or queue

who decided queue means hair or a line

that free means not imprisoned or…of charge

that means each word is a form of pity

and every word gets to feel bittersweet

my eyes have been wet my entire life

I got up early the tears asked me to

by the end of the trail I was 50

my sentences back in captivity

my depression hiding in its curtain

I had no idea it would grow so large

I had no idea my mother could die

I had no idea my father would die

no idea that writing was recording

not what we witness but what we can’t see

I had no idea history would die

I had no idea I would want to die

but I knew I wouldn’t marry the man

I knew I loved concentric sentences

I knew feeling was something to save

in these trees in things that can’t be lifted

people always gossip about killing

but they never gossip about beauty

never about the beauty that witnessed

when the killing happens under large trees

when the killing happens in a straight line

finally I heard three people talking

the irregularity of humans

these people I would never see again

we are both the first time and the last time

most poems are about the first or last times

I want to write about the middle times

where we aren’t bent over breathing in death

but bent over breathing out chains of light

I heard them talking about the burnt tree

the same tree I had written a poem in

they were really talking about my poem

a poem is the inside of a burnt tree

only heard about in the upper leaves

a rumor that only some know is true

a poem is really a rumor of death

our future has always been a rumor

only some of us hear it approaching

I had left the earth for several hours

I thought I was practicing for my death

but I was really practicing to live

I had no idea I would want to live

Eureka also means to find something

to find something means to end something else

perhaps these are exactly the same thing

when I left I took the trail on the right

which was the same as the trail on the left

when I left I used a different restroom

but it was the same as the other ones

I left my tears in the forest and drove

back the way I came back to Eureka

all of it was true some of it was true

all of it mattered some of it metered

is everything dimming or lighting up

I got up early the trees warned me to

I wanted to write this to warn someone

write this to tell someone that my father’s

name was Fu Sheung Chang not the Chinese that

it’s possible we are forgetful that

history can be held out in front of

us like dropping a toddler down a slide

that it’s possible we’re made of throat light

our whole lives are a convalescence

does language have morality does hope

if the earth will end does the face matter

it’s possible language is a country

it’s possible violence stems from language

possible that violence is a signal

it’s possible that these trees are headstones

it’s possible we can outlive violence

 

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